has tried to identify and evaluate the most important red flags associated with LBP. There is however lack of evidence to support the validity of the majority of those red flags used in clinical practice. A number of red flags are suggested in the literature to help clinicians not overlook serious underlying pathologies in patients with LBP. The immediate goal of the evaluation process is early identification of potentially serious underlying cause and complications. The clinical evaluation of LBP involves taking proper medical history, conducting a thorough physical examination and selection of relevant laboratory and imaging studies when indicated. In the United States acute LBP is the commonest cause of years lived with disability and third leading cause of disability adjusted life-years. According to the same report LBP and neck pain are the leading global cause of disability in most countries. That figure is 17.3% larger compared to the prevalence in 2005. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report, over half a billion individuals across all age groups were affected by lower back pain in the year 2015. Lower back pain is a major public health problem globally with life time prevalence reaching 11–84%. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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